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C60 / C70 Standard Separation Metallofullerene Separation High-Efficiency Preparative Purification Derivatives & Isomers

Applications

Structure & Specifications

Feed Material & Target Product Detailed Specs for Five Dedicated Columns

Technology & Requirements

Comparison of Separation & Purification Routes Downstream Applications & Demand Drivers

Oligonucleotide Drugs

Technical Overview

1. Backbone Chemistry: PO / PS 2. Sugar 2′ Modification Landscape 3. Terminal Chemistry & Monomers 4. Synthesis Cycle & Origin of Impurities

1. Chemical Fundamentals

2. Solutions by Product Type

01. Antisense Oligonucleotides (ASO)02. siRNA & miRNA 03. GalNAc Conjugates 04. Peptide / Lipid / Antibody Conjugates 05. sgRNA & crRNA 06. Antagomir Inhibitors 07. Aptamers & ApDCs 08. CpG Immunoadjuvant ODNs 09. Primers, Probes & Diagnostics 10. Product-Solution Matrix

3. Overview of Chromatographic Purification

11. Orthogonality Framework of Chromatographic Modes 12. AEX Preparative Anion Exchange 13. IP-RP Preparative Chromatography 14. Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography (HIC)15. SEC, TFF & Mixed-Mode 16. Orthogonal Combinations & Commercial Evidence

4. Media & Column Engineering

17. Scale Ladder & DAC 18. Chromatography Media Selection

5. Analytical Methodology Framework

19. Four-Tier Orthogonal Framework 20. IP-RP Analysis & Reagents 21. AEX / HILIC / MS

6. Impurity Profile & Regulatory Control

22. Systematic Impurity Profiling 23. Release Testing Checklist 24. Regulatory Perspective & ICH

7. Economics, PMI & Green Chemistry

25. Reading Yield Figures Correctly 26. Green Chemistry Levers

8. Advanced Technologies

27. MCSGP Countercurrent Purification 28. TFF, Drying & Single-Use

9. Decision Quick Reference

29. Purification Process Decision Table 30. Analytical Method Quick Reference 31. Key Information Gaps Appendix · Principal Source Categories

Peptide API Purification

Technical Overview

1. Starting Material & Sources of Impurities 2. Silica, Polymer & Soft Gels 3. Six Parameters of Surface Modification

1. Why Modified Silica

2. From Structural Features to Separation Handles

4. Deriving the Separation Handle 5. The Reversed-Phase Backbone & System Distribution 6. IEX, HILIC, SEC & Normal Phase

3. Seven Structural Classes

7. A - Linear Lipidated Metabolic Peptides 8. B - Disulfide-Bridged & Cyclic Disulfide Peptides 9. C - Macrocyclic & Synthetic Macrocyclic Peptides 10. D - Peptide Radioconjugates 11. E - Proteins & PEG Conjugates 12. F - Fermentation-Derived Peptides & Lipopeptides 13. G - Short & Hydrophilically Modified Peptides 14. Master Matrix: Seven Classes × Eight Dimensions

4. Cross-Cutting Selection Principles

15. Pore Size Ladder 16. Alkyl Chain Length & Carbon Load 17. Endcapping & Residual Silanols 18. Metal Content & pH Tolerance

5. Process Parameters & Scale-Up

19. Gradient, Temperature & Sample Load 20. From Analytical Columns to Industrial DAC

6. Implementation & Selection

21. Structural Class → Daisogel Grade 22. One-Page Reference & Data Basis Appendix · Principal Source Categories

Insulin

Reversed-Phase Preparative Purification Charge Variant & Aggregate Control

Separation & Preparative Work

Analysis & Scale-Up

Chiral Drug Separation

1.1 Definition & Criteria of Chirality 1.2 Four Geometric Origins of Chirality 1.3 R/S, D/L & (+)/(−)1.4 Map of Stereoisomeric Relationships 1.5 Where Property Differences Arise 1.6 e.e., e.r. & d.e.

Technical Overview

Summary · Ten Key Points

1. Chemical Basis of Chirality

2. Why Chirality Is Treated Separately

2.1 Homochirality in Living Systems 2.2 Three-Point Interaction Model 2.3 Four Patterns of Pharmacological Behavior 2.4 Stereoselective ADME 2.5 The Thalidomide Case 2.6 Regulatory Framework & Impurity Control 2.7 Product Logic of Chiral Switching

3. Four Routes to Single Enantiomers

3.1 Chiral Pool Route 3.2 Asymmetric Synthesis & Catalysis 3.3 Crystallization & Kinetic Resolution 3.4 Chromatographic Resolution 3.5 Matching Route to Development Stage

4. Principles of Chiral Chromatography

4.1 Molecular Basis of Chiral Recognition 4.2 Seven Classes of Stationary Phases 4.3 Structural Origins of Polysaccharide Phases 4.4 Coated vs. Immobilized Phases 4.5 Four Elution Modes 4.6 Effect of Solvent on Selectivity 4.7 Temperature Effects & Elution Order Reversal 4.8 Interpreting the Resolution Equation

5. COSMOSIL CHiRAL Columns

5.1 Series Composition & Specifications 5.2 Solvent Tolerance of Immobilized Selectors 5.3 Solvent Range & Selectivity Space 5.4 3 µm: Efficiency & Backpressure 5.5 Hit Rates of Three Chiral Selectors 5.6 SFC Compatibility 5.7 Neutral / Acidic / Basic Conditions 5.8 Configurations & Selection Guidance

6. ChiralONE Chiral Media

6.1 Positioning & Coverage of Three Modes 6.2 From Screening to Preparative 6.3 Economics of Self-Packed Preparative Columns 6.4 Division of Roles with CHiRAL

7. Chiral Method Development Workflow

7.1 Designing the Screening Matrix 7.2 Mobile Phase Systems & Additives 7.3 Order of Effect of Optimization Variables 7.4 Complementarity of RP & Polar Organic Modes 7.5 Indirect Approach: Chiral Derivatization 7.6 Validation Points for e.e. Determination 7.7 Common Problems & Troubleshooting

8. Preparative Separation & Industrial Scale-Up

8.1 Loading, Overload & Contact Modes 8.2 Analytical-to-Preparative Conversion 8.3 Packing Process & Bed Stability 8.4 SMB & MCSGP 8.5 Preparative SFC 8.6 Solvent Recovery & Cost per Unit Capacity 8.7 Column Lifetime & Regeneration

9. Quick Reference & Appendix

9.1 Mode & Column Selection Quick Reference 9.2 Chinese-English Glossary Appendix · Sources

Biomacromolecule Analysis

Summary · Ten Principal Conclusions

Technical Overview

1. Target, Impurities & Unit Operations

1. Seven Modalities & Their Physicochemical Profiles 2. Six Differences from Small-Molecule Purification 3. Starting Material & Pretreatment Routes 4. Systematic Impurity Profiling 5. Three-Stage Process Framework & Platform Processes

2. Separation Modes & Engineering Parameters

6. Seven Chromatographic Modes & Their Orthogonality 7. Non-Chromatographic Unit Operations 8. Five Families of Base Materials Compared 9. Loading, Flow Rate, Particle & Pore Size 10. Cleaning, Regeneration & Media Lifetime 11. Quality & Regulatory Perspective

3. Three Media Product Lines

12. JNC Cellufine Crosslinked Cellulose 13. Four Gel Media Series 14. PolymerOne Polymer Media 15. Three Product Lines Compared

4. Process Implementation

16. Master Matrix: Modality × Unit Operation × Media 17. Eight Representative Process Routes

5. Selection & Quick Reference

18. Selection Decision Path 19. One-Page Reference 20. Data Basis & Scope of Applicability Appendix · Chinese-English Glossary

Analytical Capability Modules

SEC: Aggregates & Molecular Weight Distribution Wide-Pore RP: Intact Proteins & Subunits IEX: Charge Variants & Capture Hydrophobic Interaction & Desalting Carbohydrates & Ligand Exchange

Metal Scavenging

Technical Overview

1. Regulatory Limits & Concentration Conversion 2. Five Metal-Removal Technologies Compared

1. Problem Definition

2. Chemical Fundamentals

3. Silica Surface Chemistry & Grafting 4. Seven Physical Parameters & Three Routes 5. HSAB Theory & Three Practical Corollaries

3. Functional Group Overview

6. Sulfur-Based Ligands 7. Nitrogen-Based Ligands 8. Oxygen-Based Polydentate Ligands 9. Sulfonic Acid Family 10. Parameter Summary & Cross-Validation 11. Metal-Functional Group Matrix

4. Measured Performance

12. Adsorption Capacity Across Solvents & Metals 13. Removal Efficiency & Adsorption Kinetics 14. Desorption & Metal Recovery

5. Process Execution

15. Batch vs. Column Flow-Through 16. Quantity Calculation: Formulas & Worked Examples 17. Four-Variable Optimization & Screening 18. Risks & Limitations (Seven)

6. Selection Decisions

19. Selection Decision Path 20. Two Routes Compared Across Eight Dimensions 21. Positioning of Four CleanM Bonded Phases 22. One-Page Reference: Scenario → Functional Group 23. Information Gaps & Open Questions Appendix · Principal Source Categories

Natural Product Purification

Technical Overview

1. Five Property Assessments Before Separation 2. Extraction Method Landscape 3. Fraction Cutting & Impurity Removal

1. Starting Material & Pretreatment

2. Compound Classes by Source

4. Six Compound Classes of Plant Origin 5. Six Compound Classes from Marine Organisms 6. Six Compound Classes of Animal Origin 7. Six Compound Classes from Fungi & Microorganisms 8. Master Matrix of 24 Material Classes

3. Separation Materials Overview

9. Silica & Modified Silica 10. Bonded Silica 11. Alumina & Polyamide 12. Macroporous Resins & Ion Exchange 13. Gel & Membrane Separation 14. Ten Material Classes Quick Reference

4. Methods & Engineering

15. Extraction, Precipitation & Crystallization 16. TLC & Preparative TLC 17. Particle Size - Pressure - Resolution 18. Preparative HPLC & Scale-Up

5. Separation Strategy

19. Four-Stage Separation Sequence 20. Four Rules for Material Selection 21. Six Literature Routes Reviewed

6. Implementation & Selection

22. Material Class → Product Mapping 23. One-Page Reference: Compound → Material 24. Data Basis & Scope of Applicability Appendix · Principal Source Categories

Custom Bonded Phases

01 · Ground-Up Development Capability 02 · Physical Starting Point for Customization 03 · Degrees of Customization 04 · Mode Atlas 05 · Bonding Chemistry

Custom Capabilities

Delivery & Value

06 · Target-Driven Design 07 · Development Workflow 08 · Characterization & Quality Control 09 · Commercial Value 10 · Selection Q&A

Technical Support

Chromatographic Silica Fundamentals

Type A vs. Type B Silica Fully Porous vs. Core-Shell Four Key Physical Parameters

Substrate & Morphology

Surface Chemistry

Bonded Phase Types Endcapping Origins of pH Stability

Packed Column

From Silica to Column Custom Particle & Pore Size

Column Fundamentals

Column Types Key Specifications

Classification & Specifications

Efficiency Theory

Efficiency & Resolution Theory Theoretical Plate Number N

Applications & Lifetime

Analytical Columns & Preparative Scale-Up Factors Affecting Column Lifetime Summary

Pharmacopoeia

USP · United States ChP · China EP · Europe JP · Japan

Four Pharmacopoeias

Cross-Reference Table

Complete USP L-Number Classification (131 entries)

Analytical Column Packing

Why Packing Determines Efficiency Slurry vs. Dry Packing: Where Each Applies Choosing Slurry & Pushing Solvents

Principles & Methods

Workflow & Acceptance

Packing Procedure (Six Steps) Typical Packing Pressure Ranges Packing Quality Acceptance Criteria Common Packing Defects Self-Packed vs. Prepacked Columns

DAC Packing Support

DAC vs. Statically Packed Columns Structure & Working Principle

Principles & Structure

Process & Acceptance

Packing Procedure Compression Pressure & Compression Ratio Column Diameter & Media Quantity Estimation Acceptance Criteria Operation · Maintenance · Unpacking

DAC Packing Problem Diagnosis

Standard Packing Procedure & Control Points Peak Shape Diagnostic Atlas Bed Defect Illustrations

Workflow & Atlas

Interpretation & Tools

Problem-Cause-Action Master Table Reduced Plate Height & the Knox Equation Troubleshooting Decision Tree Key Parameter Quick Reference Packing Record Template

DAC Piston Seals

Four Seal Types & Their Roles Eight Structural Types & Pressure Limits Material Selection

Structure & Materials

Failure & Disposition

Twelve Failure Modes Gap Extrusion Internal & External Leaks Fault Index S1–S6 PM Intervals & Spare Parts Management

DAC Piston Frits

Three Functions & Division of Roles Choosing Pore Size Four Structural Types & Materials

Function & Selection

Failure & Maintenance

Atlas of Twelve Failure Modes Blockage vs. Fouling Fault Index F1–F6 Cleaning, Backflushing & Regeneration PM Intervals & Compliance

Column Selection Guide

1. Conditions to Define Before Selection 2. Selecting the Separation Mode 3. Reversed-Phase Stationary Phases & Selectivity 4. Substrate, Bonding & Endcapping

Selection Inputs

Parameter Trade-offs

5. Matching Pore Size to Molecular Weight 6. Particle Size, Column Length & Backpressure 7. Mobile Phase & pH 8. Detector-Imposed Constraints

Implementation

9. Applications & Product Mapping 10. Pharmacopoeial Methods & Compliant Selection 11. Transition to Preparative Scale 12. Selection Self-Check List

Method Development Guide

Six Stages of Method Development Stage 1 · Selecting the Separation Mode Stage 2 · Column & Mobile Phase Screening

Pathways & Criteria

Design & Validation

Stage 3 · Scouting Gradient & Isocratic Conversion Stage 4 · Order of Optimization Variables Stage 5 · System Suitability Testing Stage 6 · Robustness & Method Transfer Common Deviations

Use & Maintenance

Three Maintenance Stages Installation Guidelines New Column Equilibration & Solvent Transition

Before You Start

During Operation

Operating Limits Buffer Salt Management Guard Columns & Sample Preparation

Shutdown & Retirement

Shutdown & Storage Efficiency Tracking & Lifetime Log Regeneration, Backflushing & Retirement

FAQ

Column Selection Use & Operation Performance & Lifetime Mobile Phase & Methods

By Category

Column Usage Notes

Full Lifecycle Overview Column Body & End Fitting Anatomy HPLC vs. UPLC Guard Column Systems

Overview & Hardware

Fittings & Tubing

Understanding 1/16″ vs. 1/8″ Tubing Thread Standards & Fittings Insertion Depth & Dead Volume PEEK vs. Stainless Steel

Full-Cycle Operations

Receiving & Acceptance Installation & Connection Everyday Operating Limits Storage & Care

Deviation Handling

Leak Topics Pressure & Peak Shape Troubleshooting One-Page Reference Frequent Questions

Troubleshooting Manual

Peak Broadening / Efficiency Loss Severe Peak Tailing Doublet / Split Peaks Ghost Peaks / Blank Peaks Negative Peaks / Solvent Peak Anomalies

Peak Shape

Pressure

Abnormally High Column Pressure Abnormally Low Column Pressure

Baseline & Retention

Baseline Noise / Drift Retention Time Drift Poor Peak Area Reproducibility

Calculators